Burden of Paediatric Sepsis in a Tertiary Centre from a Developing Country / Carga de sepsis pediátrica en un centro terciario de un país en desarrollo

ABSTRACT Background: Sepsis causes significant paediatric morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This paper describes the outcome of paediatric sepsis in the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI), Jamaica, using administrative data from hospital records from 2010 to 2014. Objective: To provide baseline data on the burden and outcome of paediatric sepsis in a tertiary institution in Jamaica between 2010 and 2014 so as to embark on initiatives to build capacity to provide care in order to decrease the burden and improve the outcomes from sepsis in children. Methods: Data were abstracted from electronic discharge summaries of children hospitalized at the UHWI, a tertiary centre that accepts referrals for newborns and children with complex disorders. The medical records of children aged 0-16 years who were hospitalized with a diagnosis of sepsis, septicaemia and neonatal sepsis were reviewed, using the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Demographic and outcome data were extracted. Results: Among 7011 children aged 0-16 years who were admitted, sepsis accounted for 801 hospitalizations in 782 children with a male to female ratio of 1.27 to 1. Neonates comprised 86% (n = 691), of which 36.2% (n = 250) were preterm. The median duration of hospitalization was 10 days (range: 0-366 days; interquartile range: 7-19 days). The sepsis-attributable mortality rate was 10.1% (n = 70) in neonates and was higher in preterm versus term neonates (18.4%, n = 46/250 versus 6.0%, n = 26/434, respectively). The annual crude mortality rate for paediatric sepsis was 9-11% (12 per 1000 paediatric hospitalizations). Conclusion: Sepsis accounted for a high number of admissions and consumed significant resources as evidenced by the long duration of hospitalization. The mortality rate for paediatric sepsis was high, especially in newborns. Targeted interventions are needed to reduce the sepsis-attributable burden and improve outcomes established by the Global Sepsis Alliance and United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals.

RESUMEN Anteceentes: La sepsis causa morbilidad y mortalidad pediátricas significativas en los países en desarrollo. Este artículo describe el resultado de la sepsis pediátrica en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies (HUWI), Jamaica, utilizando datos administrativos de registros hospitalarios de 2010 a 2014. Objetivo: Proporcionar datos de referencia sobre la carga y el resultado de la sepsis pediátrica en una institución terciaria en Jamaica entre 2010 y 2014, a fin de emprender iniciativas para aumentar la capacidad de prestar atención a disminuir la carga y mejorar los resultados de la sepsis en los niños. Métodos: Se obtuvieron datos de resúmenes de descargas electrónicas de niños hospitalizados en el HUWI, un centro terciario que acepta remisiones de recién nacidos y niños con trastornos complejos. Se realizó una revisión de las historias clínicas de niños de 0 a 16 años de edad que fueron hospitalizados con un diagnóstico de sepsis, septicemia y sepsis neonatal, utilizando la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, 10th Revisión (ICD-10). Se obtuvieron datos en relación con la demografía y los resultados clínicos. Resultados: Entre los 7011 niños de 0 a 16 años de edad que fueron ingresados, la sepsis fue la causa de 801 hospitalizaciones en 782 niños, en una proporción varón-mujer de 1.27 a 1. Los neonatos abarcaron el 86% (n = 691), el 36.2% de los cuales (n = 250) eran prematuros. La duración promedio de la hospitalización fue de 10 días (rango: 0-366 días; rango intercuartil: 7-19 días). La tasa de mortalidad atribuible a la sepsis fue de 10.1% (n = 70) en los neonatos, y fue mayor entre los prematuros en comparación con los neonatos a término (18.4%, n = 46/250 frente a 6.0%, n = 26/434, respectivamente). La tasa de mortalidad bruta anual para la sepsis pediátrica fue de 9 a 11% (12 por cada 1000 hospitalizaciones pediátricas). Conclusión: La sepsis representó un elevado número de ingresos y consumió recursos significativos como se evidenció en la larga duración de la hospitalización. La tasa de mortalidad por sepsis pediátrica fue alta, especialmente en recién nacidos. Se necesitan intervenciones específicas para reducir la carga atribuible a la sepsis y mejorar los resultados establecidos por la Alianza Mundial contra la Sepsis y los Objetivos del Desarrollo Sostenible de las Naciones Unidas.

Health Human Resource planning in Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean States a matter of sustainability / Planificación de los Recursos Humanos en Salud en Barbados y los estados del Caribe Oriental un problema de sostenibilidad

Health and Human Resources (HHR) are very important issues to be considered in healthcare services. While various factors may be of greater significance in one area depending on resources, priorities and stage of economic development, a robust HHR plan is important in all cases. There are many factors such as demographic shifts, changing delivery models, consumer expectations, global shortages and financial restraints that must be considered in proper HHR planning. This manuscript summarizes some of the factors that should be considered and some of the short comings of current HHR planning approaches. Based on our review and experience, we developed a framework for HHR planning and apply the framework to Barbados to try to identify the existing challenges and issues and potential areas for staff and training investments.

Los recursos humanos en salud (RHS) constituyen asuntos importantes a considerar en relación con los servicios de atención a la salud. Si bien existen diversos factores que pueden poseer mayor importancia en un área en particular - en dependencia de los recursos, las prioridades y la etapa de desarrollo económico - un plan de RHS sólido es importante en todos los casos. Existen muchos factores tales como los cambios demográficos, los modelos de entrega cambiantes, las expectativas del consumidor, las escaseces a nivel global, y las limitaciones financieras a tener en cuenta a la hora de una planificación adecuada de RHS. El presente trabajo resume alguno de los factores que deben tomarse en cuenta y algunas de las deficiencias en los enfoques actuales en la planificación de RHS. A partir de nuestra revisión y experiencia, desarrollamos un esquema para la planificación de RHS. Aplicamos el esquema en Barbados en un intento por identificar los desafíos y problemas existentes, así como las áreas potenciales para inversiones en personal y entrenamiento.

The threat of severe acute respiratory syndrome

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a recently recognized infectious disease associated with severe morbidity and mortality. It presents with non-specific signs and symptoms and because no definitive laboratory test is readily available, it poses a great risk to healthcare workers as well as difficulty in quarantine. The global response has been coordinated and enthusiastic in trying to understand and control this disease. Severe acute respiratory syndrome poses a threat to the Caribbean because of easy and convenient travel and the vibrant tourist industry

Plastic bottles as spacers for a pressurized metered-dose inhaler: in vitro characteristics

Homemade spacer devices are commonly used by children with asthma to improve aerosol deposition from pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDI); however, the efficacy and efficiency of these devices are not fully characterized. We determined the quality of fine particle fraction (< 4.7 microns) and ultrafine particle fraction (< 3.3 microns) of three bottles (from 280 ml to 500 ml) commonly used as spacers in Trinidad and Tobago and compared their performance to the commercially available valved holding chamber (OpT) and pMDI. These data were obtained in vitro using a cascade impactor. All 3 bottles and the OpT were similar (p > 0.05) in reducing the amount of albuterol emitted as large particles (> 4.7 microns) to less than 10 micrograms. The different sized bottles (from 280 ml to 500 ml) produced identical quantities of albuterol in the fine particle and ultrafine particle ranges (p > 0.05). All of the sample bottle spacers emitted a higher amount (p < 0.002) of fine and ultrafine particles than the OpT and pMDI alone. The OpT resulted in a significantly higher fraction of fine particles (p < 0.05) and a greater quantity of drug (p < 0.05) in the ultrafine range as compared to the MDI only. The sizes of particles obtained from the bottle spacers are those that have a high probability of reaching the lower airway; however, the clinical relevance of these findings remains to be determined.

Child with absent vital signs.

The outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the child with absent vital signs is dismal. Best outcomes therefore should rely on early recognition and aggressive management of critical illness to interrupt deterioration to cardiorespiratory arrest. Moreover, resuscitation entails a spectrum of care starting with cardiopulmonary resuscitation at the site of injury through critical care and post resuscitation rehabilitation. The resources required to provide this level of care is not available in many parts of the world. Therefore, resuscitation skills should be taught to caregivers at a level which is congruent to their role in the continuum of care and the use of aggressive resuscitation needs to be tailored based on geography, risk to medical personnel, preservation of resources, transplantation issues and expected outcomes. In some cases, the most prudent decision may be not to attempt resuscitation of the child with absent vital signs.

Neonatal acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

The number of cases of perinatally acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) may increase as the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women increases. Physicians involved in the care of neonates must therefore be aware of the modes of transmission, clinical manifestations, and methods of diagnosis of neonatal AIDS. We report the first case of congenital AIDS in a premature infant admitted to our Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). In this report, we hihlight some controversial aspects of management of the mother and infant